Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity

Which of these structures is not homologous?

Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.

Outline the evidence for evolution provided by selective breeding.

Which of these structures is not homologous?

Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.

Outline the evidence for evolution provided by selective breeding.

Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.

Outline the evidence for evolution provided by selective breeding.

Determine the maximum percentage of yellow base colour shells found in woods.

Balkan green lizards, Lacerta trilineata, living in mainland Greece eat mostly insects but also small amounts of plants. The same species living on Greek islands (where insects are scarce) show a greater percentage of those physical traits useful for eating plants than the mainland lizards.

[Source: Penny Turner/Wikimedia file licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en]

What is the biological explanation for these observations?

A. Variation in each lizard population allowed adaptation to occur.

B. Lizards migrated to areas where they were better adapted.

C. Lizards on the islands diverged due to lack of interbreeding with the mainland population.

D. Homologous structures have prevented separate species from evolving.

Balkan green lizards, Lacerta trilineata, living in mainland Greece eat mostly insects but also small amounts of plants. The same species living on Greek islands (where insects are scarce) show a greater percentage of those physical traits useful for eating plants than the mainland lizards.

[Source: Penny Turner/Wikimedia file licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en]

What is the biological explanation for these observations?

A. Variation in each lizard population allowed adaptation to occur.

B. Lizards migrated to areas where they were better adapted.

C. Lizards on the islands diverged due to lack of interbreeding with the mainland population.

D. Homologous structures have prevented separate species from evolving.

Determine the maximum percentage of yellow base colour shells found in woods.

Determine the maximum percentage of yellow base colour shells found in woods.

State two characteristics of plants from the phylum you stated in (a)(i).

The cladogram was constructed using DNA base sequences from six species. Which node indicates the greatest difference in base sequences?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

State two characteristics of plants from the phylum you stated in (a)(i).

State two characteristics of plants from the phylum you stated in (a)(i).

Using the data in the graph, distinguish between the distribution of C. nemoralis shells in woods and fields.

Using the data in the graph, distinguish between the distribution of C. nemoralis shells in woods and fields.

Using the data in the graph, distinguish between the distribution of C. nemoralis shells in woods and fields.

The cladogram was constructed using DNA base sequences from six species. Which node indicates the greatest difference in base sequences?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

State two features that are found only in mammals.

State two features that are found only in mammals.

State two features that are found only in mammals.

Birds, bats and humans are all vertebrates with pentadactyl limbs. Birds and bats use their forelimbs to fly whereas humans can use them to lift and manipulate objects. Outline how the bird, bat and human forelimb can be used to illustrate the concept of homologous structures.

Birds, bats and humans are all vertebrates with pentadactyl limbs. Birds and bats use their forelimbs to fly whereas humans can use them to lift and manipulate objects. Outline how the bird, bat and human forelimb can be used to illustrate the concept of homologous structures.

Birds, bats and humans are all vertebrates with pentadactyl limbs. Birds and bats use their forelimbs to fly whereas humans can use them to lift and manipulate objects. Outline how the bird, bat and human forelimb can be used to illustrate the concept of homologous structures.

C. nemoralis is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.

C. nemoralis is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.

C. nemoralis is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.

Discuss whether there is evidence in the data that colour plays a role in the survival of the snails.

Discuss whether there is evidence in the data that colour plays a role in the survival of the snails.

Discuss whether there is evidence in the data that colour plays a role in the survival of the snails.

C. nemoralis (pictured below) is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.

C. nemoralis (pictured below) is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.

C. nemoralis (pictured below) is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.

Describe the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Describe the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagrams show various wings.

Describe the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagrams show various wings.

Prickly pear cactus plants are well adapted to desert conditions. The stems are the flattened structures visible in the image and the leaves are reduced to spines. The white spots in the image are groups of spines.

[Source: Stan Shebs/Wikimedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]

Which characteristic describes the advantage of one of their adaptations?

A. Leaves are reduced to spines to lose less carbon dioxide.

B. Spines increase surface area for more photosynthesis.

C. Stems are flattened to allow more water to be stored between periods of rain.

D. Waxy cuticle on the stems is very thin to allow rapid absorption of rain.

Prickly pear cactus plants are well adapted to desert conditions. The stems are the flattened structures visible in the image and the leaves are reduced to spines. The white spots in the image are groups of spines.

[Source: Stan Shebs/Wikimedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]

Which characteristic describes the advantage of one of their adaptations?

A. Leaves are reduced to spines to lose less carbon dioxide.

B. Spines increase surface area for more photosynthesis.

C. Stems are flattened to allow more water to be stored between periods of rain.

D. Waxy cuticle on the stems is very thin to allow rapid absorption of rain.

The image shows an organism belonging to the Kingdom Animalia.

The image shows an organism belonging to the Kingdom Animalia.

The DNA base sequences in a gene coding for a particular protein in four different species are shown. Locations where mutations have occurred resulting in changes to the base sequences are outlined in boxes.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which cladogram shows the most likely phylogenetic relationship between the four species, based on the data provided?

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

The DNA base sequences in a gene coding for a particular protein in four different species are shown. Locations where mutations have occurred resulting in changes to the base sequences are outlined in boxes.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which cladogram shows the most likely phylogenetic relationship between the four species, based on the data provided?

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?

A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.

B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.

C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.

D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.

The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?

A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.

B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.

C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.

D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.

Which pentadactyl limb is adapted for flight?

[Source: adapted from Volkov Vladislav Petrovich, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#/media/File:Homology_
vertebrates-en.svg and Zebra.element, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bat_mouse_forelimbs.png]

Which pentadactyl limb is adapted for flight?

[Source: adapted from Volkov Vladislav Petrovich, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#/media/File:Homology_
vertebrates-en.svg and Zebra.element, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bat_mouse_forelimbs.png]

Which organism is a member of the filicinophyta? (Note that these are not to scale)

[Source: A: Sanjay ach/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
B: Vaelta/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
C: Andrey Zharkikh/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
D: courtesy of Caroline Needham]

Which organism is a member of the filicinophyta? (Note that these are not to scale)

[Source: A: Sanjay ach/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
B: Vaelta/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
C: Andrey Zharkikh/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
D: courtesy of Caroline Needham]

State the genus of this organism.

State the genus of this organism.

State the genus of this organism.

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

Explain how genetic variation between the individuals in a species can be generated.

Explain how genetic variation between the individuals in a species can be generated.

Explain how genetic variation between the individuals in a species can be generated.

Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.

On the islands of the St Kilda chain, off the coast of Scotland, there are small birds called St Kilda wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis). They look similar to wrens on the mainland of Scotland (Troglodytes troglodytes indigenus), but they are larger and there are differences in the colour of their feathers.

What is the most likely explanation for these differences?

A. Convergent evolution

B. Stabilizing natural selection

C. Gradual divergence

D. Exposure to similar selection pressure

Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.

Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.

On the islands of the St Kilda chain, off the coast of Scotland, there are small birds called St Kilda wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis). They look similar to wrens on the mainland of Scotland (Troglodytes troglodytes indigenus), but they are larger and there are differences in the colour of their feathers.

What is the most likely explanation for these differences?

A. Convergent evolution

B. Stabilizing natural selection

C. Gradual divergence

D. Exposure to similar selection pressure

Describe the risk to the human population of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Describe the risk to the human population of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Describe the risk to the human population of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Which is an example of speciation?

A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of the wheat Triticum aestivum with higher crop yield

B. Evolution of different courtship behaviours in separate populations of the cricket Gryllus rubens

C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston betularia

D. Selective feeding by koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Eucalyptus species

The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.

The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.

The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Which is an example of speciation?

A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of the wheat Triticum aestivum with higher crop yield

B. Evolution of different courtship behaviours in separate populations of the cricket Gryllus rubens

C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston betularia

D. Selective feeding by koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Eucalyptus species

The images show a structure found on members of a phylum of green plants.

The images show a structure found on members of a phylum of green plants.

All of the leaves in the image are from Solanum, a wild genus of tomato.

[Source: Courtesy: National Science Foundation, Credit Leonie Moyle.]

State one cause of variation in a plant such as the tomato.

Scientists studying ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on the island of Daphne Major in Galapagos found great differences in the shapes of the beaks.

[Source: Public domain.]

What is the explanation for this variation in beak shape between the birds?

A. Ground finches grow larger beaks if there is competition for food.

B. They belong to different species.

C. They are adapted for different diets.

D. The more a beak is used by a ground finch, the larger it becomes.

Scientists studying ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on the island of Daphne Major in Galapagos found great differences in the shapes of the beaks.

[Source: Public domain.]

What is the explanation for this variation in beak shape between the birds?

A. Ground finches grow larger beaks if there is competition for food.

B. They belong to different species.

C. They are adapted for different diets.

D. The more a beak is used by a ground finch, the larger it becomes.

All of the leaves in the image are from Solanum, a wild genus of tomato.

[Source: Courtesy: National Science Foundation, Credit Leonie Moyle.]

State one cause of variation in a plant such as the tomato.

All of the leaves in the image are from Solanum, a wild genus of tomato.

[Source: Courtesy: National Science Foundation, Credit Leonie Moyle.]

State one cause of variation in a plant such as the tomato.

The image shows the northern sea nettle (Chrysaora melanaster).

[Source: Aflo, 2015. Northern sea nettle (Chrysaora Melanaster) floating, with Mackerel fry (Carangidae) Izu, Japan. [image
online] Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/search/preview/northern-sea-nettle-chrysaora-melanaster-floating-withmackerel-
fry-/0_01489405.html [Accessed 23 March 2020].]

To which phylum does C. melanaster belong?

A. Porifera

B. Cnidaria

C. Platyhelmintha

D. Annelida

The image shows the northern sea nettle (Chrysaora melanaster).

[Source: Aflo, 2015. Northern sea nettle (Chrysaora Melanaster) floating, with Mackerel fry (Carangidae) Izu, Japan. [image
online] Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/search/preview/northern-sea-nettle-chrysaora-melanaster-floating-withmackerel-
fry-/0_01489405.html [Accessed 23 March 2020].]

To which phylum does C. melanaster belong?

A. Porifera

B. Cnidaria

C. Platyhelmintha

D. Annelida

Outline the binomial system of classification.

The graph shows the proportion of a bacterial population of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, displaying resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline.

[Source: © All rights reserved. Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Report, 2016. Public Health Agency of Canada. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2022.]

What can be deduced from this graph?

A. Bacteria with beneficial adaptations survive and pass on their genes.

B. Immunity to tetracycline is triggered by over-use of the antibiotic.

C. Genetic variation in this bacterial population is increasing.

D. Use of tetracycline inhibits the growth of antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.

Outline the binomial system of classification.

Outline the binomial system of classification.

To which phylum does the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus belong?

To which phylum does the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus belong?

Explain the development of antibiotic resistance in terms of natural selection.

Explain how natural selection can cause traits such as drought resistance to develop in wild plants.

The graph shows the proportion of a bacterial population of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, displaying resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline.

[Source: © All rights reserved. Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Report, 2016. Public Health Agency of Canada. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2022.]

What can be deduced from this graph?

A. Bacteria with beneficial adaptations survive and pass on their genes.

B. Immunity to tetracycline is triggered by over-use of the antibiotic.

C. Genetic variation in this bacterial population is increasing.

D. Use of tetracycline inhibits the growth of antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.

The plant in the diagram has vascular tissue and reproduces by spores.

[Source: Auer, A., 2007. Nature print, Alois Auer. [image online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nature_print,_Alois_Auer.jpg [Accessed 10 October 2019].]

To which phylum does the plant belong?

A. Bryophyta

B. Filicinophyta

C. Coniferophyta

D. Angiospermophyta

The plant in the diagram has vascular tissue and reproduces by spores.

[Source: Auer, A., 2007. Nature print, Alois Auer. [image online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nature_print,_Alois_Auer.jpg [Accessed 10 October 2019].]

To which phylum does the plant belong?

A. Bryophyta

B. Filicinophyta

C. Coniferophyta

D. Angiospermophyta

Explain how natural selection can cause traits such as drought resistance to develop in wild plants.

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.

Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?

Explain the development of antibiotic resistance in terms of natural selection.

Explain the development of antibiotic resistance in terms of natural selection.

Explain how natural selection can cause traits such as drought resistance to develop in wild plants.

Humans have been improving crop species for thousands of years by cross-breeding plants with desirable characteristics. The photograph shows the changes in dry cobs of corn (Zea mays) over 10 000 years.

[Source: Evolution of Maize Cobs © Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology,
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved.]

What is the name of the process that was used to produce modern corn?

A. Selective breeding

B. Adaptive radiation

C. Discontinuous variation

D. Natural selection

Humans have been improving crop species for thousands of years by cross-breeding plants with desirable characteristics. The photograph shows the changes in dry cobs of corn (Zea mays) over 10 000 years.

[Source: Evolution of Maize Cobs © Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology,
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved.]

What is the name of the process that was used to produce modern corn?

A. Selective breeding

B. Adaptive radiation

C. Discontinuous variation

D. Natural selection

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.

Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?

State one feature of the sloth that would indicate it is a mammal.

State one feature of the sloth that would indicate it is a mammal.

State one feature of the sloth that would indicate it is a mammal.

Which factor(s) would favour evolution by natural selection?

I. Long lifespans

II. Favourable characteristics acquired by individuals during their lifetime

III. Variation within a species

A. II only

B. III only

C. I and II

D. I and III

Which factor(s) would favour evolution by natural selection?

I. Long lifespans

II. Favourable characteristics acquired by individuals during their lifetime

III. Variation within a species

A. II only

B. III only

C. I and II

D. I and III

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how natural selection could increase the prevalence of an antibiotic resistance gene in a species of soil bacterium.

Outline how adaptive radiation provides evidence for evolution.

Outline how adaptive radiation provides evidence for evolution.

Outline how adaptive radiation provides evidence for evolution.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was once classified in the figwort family. The figwort family has been reclassified and is now much smaller.

[Source: Shiva A., 2008 [image online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Foxglove_(Digitalis_
purpurea)_2008_02.jpg [Accessed 14 January 2023] CC BY SA 4.0.

Funhoff, D., 2017. Figwort (Scrophularia canina) flowers, Theisbergstegen, Pfalz, Germany. [image online]
Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo/figwort-(scrophularia-canina)-flowers-theisbergstegen-pfalzgermany-june/search/detail-0_01550655.html [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

Why were species such as the foxglove moved into other families?

A.  The appearance was too dissimilar.

B.  The plants are found in different locations.

C.  The genera were different.

D.  The DNA sequences indicated different ancestry.

The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was once classified in the figwort family. The figwort family has been reclassified and is now much smaller.

[Source: Shiva A., 2008 [image online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Foxglove_(Digitalis_
purpurea)_2008_02.jpg [Accessed 14 January 2023] CC BY SA 4.0.

Funhoff, D., 2017. Figwort (Scrophularia canina) flowers, Theisbergstegen, Pfalz, Germany. [image online]
Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo/figwort-(scrophularia-canina)-flowers-theisbergstegen-pfalzgermany-june/search/detail-0_01550655.html [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

Why were species such as the foxglove moved into other families?

A.  The appearance was too dissimilar.

B.  The plants are found in different locations.

C.  The genera were different.

D.  The DNA sequences indicated different ancestry.

Explain how natural selection could increase the prevalence of an antibiotic resistance gene in a species of soil bacterium.

Explain how natural selection could increase the prevalence of an antibiotic resistance gene in a species of soil bacterium.

Explain how observation of the fossil record provides evidence for evolution.

Explain how observation of the fossil record provides evidence for evolution.

Explain how observation of the fossil record provides evidence for evolution.

Explain how communication between neurons during synaptic transmission is achieved through neurotransmitters.

Explain how communication between neurons during synaptic transmission is achieved through neurotransmitters.

The graphs show how the frequency (f) of a trait within a population changes when subjected to selection pressures. Which graph shows stabilizing selection?

Explain how biogeographic factors affect the richness and evenness of biodiversity.

Explain how biogeographic factors affect the richness and evenness of biodiversity.

The graphs show how the frequency (f) of a trait within a population changes when subjected to selection pressures. Which graph shows stabilizing selection?

The scattergraph shows the genome sizes of four Enterococcus species.

^{[Source: Lebreton, F., Manson, A.L., Saavedra, J.T., Straub, T.J., Earl, A.M. and Gilmore, M.S., 2017.
Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital (Figure 1A).
Cell, [e-journal] 169(5), pp. 849–861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cell.2017.04.027.]}

What can be concluded about the genomes in Enterococcus?

A.  E. pallens has the greatest number of genes.

B.  E. faecalis and E. faecium have the same mean number of genes.

C.  The total genetic information in Enterococcus is constant within each species.

D.  E. pallens has more DNA than E. columbae.

The scattergraph shows the genome sizes of four Enterococcus species.

^{[Source: Lebreton, F., Manson, A.L., Saavedra, J.T., Straub, T.J., Earl, A.M. and Gilmore, M.S., 2017.
Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital (Figure 1A).
Cell, [e-journal] 169(5), pp. 849–861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cell.2017.04.027.]}

What can be concluded about the genomes in Enterococcus?

A.  E. pallens has the greatest number of genes.

B.  E. faecalis and E. faecium have the same mean number of genes.

C.  The total genetic information in Enterococcus is constant within each species.

D.  E. pallens has more DNA than E. columbae.

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

The image shows a human karyogram.

^{National Cancer Institute, 1997. Karyotype. [diagram online]
Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Karyotype_(normal).jpg [Accessed 14 February 2022]. Public domain.}

From which person was the karyogram obtained?

A.  A female with Down syndrome

B.  A female without Down syndrome

C.  A male with Down syndrome

D.  A male without Down syndrome

The image shows a human karyogram.

^{National Cancer Institute, 1997. Karyotype. [diagram online]
Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Karyotype_(normal).jpg [Accessed 14 February 2022]. Public domain.}

From which person was the karyogram obtained?

A.  A female with Down syndrome

B.  A female without Down syndrome

C.  A male with Down syndrome

D.  A male without Down syndrome

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

The diagram shows a cladogram for part of the animal kingdom.

_{[Source: Semmens, D.C., Mirabeau, O., Moghul, I., Pancholi, M.R., Wurm, Y. and Elphick, M.R., 2016. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biology, [e-journal] 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150224. Source adapted. Public domain.]}

Which group does not represent a clade?

A.  1 to 3

B.  1 to 5

C.  4 to 7

D.  1 to 10

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

The diagram shows a cladogram for part of the animal kingdom.

_{[Source: Semmens, D.C., Mirabeau, O., Moghul, I., Pancholi, M.R., Wurm, Y. and Elphick, M.R., 2016. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biology, [e-journal] 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150224. Source adapted. Public domain.]}

Which group does not represent a clade?

A.  1 to 3

B.  1 to 5

C.  4 to 7

D.  1 to 10